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When at some local point in a cable, insulation has deteriorated to a degree that a breakdown occurs allowing a surge of current to ground, the cable is referred to as a faulted cable.
The position of maximum leakage may be considered a catastrophic insulation failure. See Figure 4.
A this location the insulation or parallel resistance has been drastically reduced and a spark gap has developed. See Figure 5.
Occasionally a series fault shown in Figure 6 can develop due to a blown open phase conductor caused by high fault current, a dig-in or a failed splice.